Retraction Policy

Retraction Policy

Articles may be retracted if they involve multiple submissions, false claims of authorship, plagiarism, fraudulent data use, or any other significant misconduct that violates legal, ethical, or professional standards. These actions can lead to retraction due to legal constraints imposed by the publisher, copyright holder, or author(s).

Retraction may also address substantial errors that cannot be resolved through corrections. Retractions can be initiated by the Editor-in-Chief/Editorial Board, the author(s), or both parties, with mutual agreement.

A retraction is published as a separate item labeled "Retraction" in the contents section. While the original article remains unchanged, a watermark stating "retracted" is added to each PDF page to clearly indicate that the article has been retracted.